Very simply, we serve something far greater than ourselves. It is a story that, to this day, survives in adapted form in video games, TV shows, and fiction; some see echoes of the Fisher King in the paralyzed character Bran Stark in Game of Thrones. In the earlier appearances of the lance, it is not represented as a Christian symbol, but morphs into one over time. He gives this cauldron to the king of Ireland as a wedding gift for him and Bran's sister Branwen. He asks in compassion, "Uncle, what is it that troubles you?" In The Beechwood Flute, I wanted to show Kiran, like Perceval, failing the Fisher King on his first encounter. But of course one more poetic cry of how we are commodifying nature will save us. Is the Fisher Kings wound symbolic, moral, or merely physical? Just as there are more trees in No. After the Great Flood the mythical fish did not return, so human scholars took on their role, dressing in fish cloaks with fins and tails. Maybe we should consider some of the ancient methods used to transform deluded people into true humans? n the medieval Grail Romances the Quester (who is usually called Perceval or Parzival, However, Eschenbach's Parzival differs from Chrtien's Perceval in three major ways. How to stop this madness is the question? Perceval is a wandering Knight of the Round Table, in search of the Holy Grail. In Arthurian legend, the Fisher King is a man tasked with guarding and keeping the Holy Grail. Although a different work, it is strikingly similar to Perceval. The Grail is the cup of the Last Supper, a precious, magical food provider, and Percevals question is as mysterious as the wounded kings moral failure. Truly inspiring article. "The Bleeding Lance". The Fisher King was charged by God with the care of the Holy Grail, but when he lost it, he became very depressed. [12] Wolfram's tale also treated the lance in a similar dark manner. Hawaiians of old developed an appropriate procedure called hooponopono, setting to rights. Anyone who is acquainted with these works will immediately recognize in the poem certain references to vegetation ceremonies, Eliot teased. Most versions of the story contain the Holy Grail and the Lance of Longinus as plot elements. 39, No. King Pelles is the Maimed King, one of a line of Grail keepers established by Joseph of Arimathea, and the father of Eliazer and Elaine (the mother of Galahad). Eliot then peppered the poem with a few references to various narrators engaged in fishing and, one might say, hoped nobody would see where hed papered over the cracks. Login . All Rights Reserved. In the meantime, a maiden asks Perceval, Did you ask the question Whom does the Grail serve? Perceval admits he did not, and the maiden reveals that because of this failure the king will not be healed. Barber, Richard (2004). Get our best stories straight to your inbox, read exclusive online content, and follow what happens at Orion between issues. As the sun was setting, Parsifal found himself looking down upon a beautiful lake surrounded on all sides by snow-capped mountains. Pelles engineers the birth of Galahad by tricking Lancelot into bed with his daughter Elaine, and it is prophesied that Galahad will achieve the Grail and heal the Wasteland and the Maimed King. In itself, deliverance as the result of the right kind of question is a universal, i.e. For members of the Hip Hop generation who came of age during the Black Power era, reality rap was an entry into the political power of Black history. In Parzival, the lance is "poisonous" which contrasts sharply with the general trend of healing Christian themes. Through that language it is hard to see the oceans true nature, whose vitality needs to be rendered as beautiful as iridescence itself, as surprising as an octopuss garden, as mysterious as whale song, as appealing as a clownfish. This novel looks at a long history of families, those tensions between West Indians and Black Americans from the South, yet this legacy is the past but dominates the present as members of two families and Hattie, who was the critical person between the two families. In one passage, he is explicitly identified with Pellam; in another, he is said to have suffered his wound under different circumstances. The film starts by dancing on the shoulders of urban apathy and cynicism. Although such a devastating stupidity has been unleashed on them, the oceans themselves are associated with deep wisdom. In this context, the king is depicted in the act of fishing in the dull canal/On a winter evening round behind the gashouse/ Musing upon the king my brothers wreck (TWL 189-91). Technology has turned us into kings, but intelligent ethics has not kept pace, and humanity itself will suffer from this self-wounding. 48-60, Arthuriana, Vol. But bringing in myth and deep history seems to put such behaviour changes onto more solid ground. The Welsh Romance Peredur son of Efrawg is based on Chrtien or derived from a common original, but it contains several prominent deviations and lacks a Grail. land. What question heals the Fisher King? I have a negative reaction to the suggestion that human population reduction is a solution, because the maths and the science do not support it, and have not done so for many decades. Who heals the Fisher King? This version of the story comes from the 1991 movie, The Fisher King, directed by Terry Gilliam and starring Robin Williams. For a king that had no son, his nephew might be the chosen heir. Its not merely a question of business or science either; human history is intimately bound up with our cultural heritage, which we also ignore at our peril and without which we may be less intelligent than the fish! The Waste Land includes drowned sailors, soothsayers and tarot-card readers, and quarreling lovers. When the inaugural issue of the prestigious literary magazine Criterion hit shelves in October 1922, it included a 434-line-long poem by a little-known American author who spent his days as a banker at Lloyds. Hi, David M.Somehow the issue of human population reduction unleashes a negative reaction in people no matter how obviously connected to the human dilemma it is. rich and secret, they were valued and worshipped, depicted on ancient Spanish coins as the pillars of a temple. Interesting Literature is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, an affiliate advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to Amazon.co.uk. Excepting in Wolfram, and in Wagner where a pure fool, through pity Support JSTOR Daily! 18-23, ELH, Vol. Heart rending and beautifully written. If you look at the classic s-curve for population, and at the relationship between resource use and population levels and growth, it is clear and obvious that resource depletion is primarily driven by technologically sophisticated human populations with very slow growing, steady or declining population. Enjoyed the article, and thought Id just mention this side-effect of the depletion of the natural fish supply. There is a terrible, toxic poetry to this. In Perceval and Parzival, the lance is described as having "barbaric properties" which are difficult to associate with Christian influence. The Fisher King is a character in Chrtien's Perceval (1180)[5] which is the first of a series of stories and texts on the subject of Perceval and the Grail. It appears that Malory intended to have one Maimed King who was wounded by Balin and suffered until healed by his grandson Galahad, but he never successfully reconciled his sources. King Charles told Harry and Meghan 'he was evicting them from Frogmore Cottage days after duke's memoir Spare came out, leaving them without a home in the UK and he has offered the property on . n the medieval Grail romances, the hero visits the Grail Castle twice. As a result the king may appear poorly or not very kingly. Von Eschenbach tells of Amfortas chasing after a woman who was not meant for him and sustaining injury in the process. In this telling of the story, a fool wanders in and finds the Holy Grail rather than a noble knight. Whales and dolphins are known to possess enormous intelligence, and the oceans have long symbolized depths of thought and immersive insight. Today, the moral code is ignored as industrial fishing fleets, owned by a wealthy minority, wipe out the fish stocks on which many subsistence fishermen rely, so that the many are impoverished for the wealth of the few. Arthuriana, Vol. [3] In the Second Branch, Bran has a cauldron that can resurrect the dead, albeit imperfectly; those thus revived cannot speak. So at the last world conference of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) there was a call to list the bluefin. Cambridge: Harvard University. Blinded by visions of a greater, godly life brimming with honor and glory, the King reaches into the fire to take the grail. Versions of the original story vary widely, but he is always wounded in the legs or groin and incapable of standing. In two cases, the writers tell us that Perceval broke the sword: in Eschenbach, it fails him in his battle against his half-brother at the end of Parzival; and Gerbert de Montreuil describes how he shatters it on the gates of the "Earthly Paradise". The Grail Quest motif is also updated in the film, with Williams enlisting Bridges help in stealing the Grail (actually a trophy on a shelf in an office). According to Betsey Creekmore, the tarot Madame Sosostris pulls features the image of a man in green vegetation interspersed with rocks, and the three staves he holds are living boughs. 22, No. Question would heal both king and land. The story revolves around the Grail Quest and once again the main character is Percival or Parzival. Today, the market economy is king, and the moral economy is wounded. Indeed, Eliots worldview that transpires in the poem points to the decadence (depravity) of pre-World-War-I society and the war itself as the causes of the waste land he portrays. The flora thats responsible for this absorption has been ravaged by whats being done to the oceans of Mother Earth. Described by the poet Oppian in the second century as abundant wondrous . There Moreover, as we will see in the text, he humanized him by turning him into someone existing outside the Arthurian milieu, a stand-in for mankind waiting for the healing of the land, and the self. In Eliots own footnotes, the poet asserts that The Waste Land was influenced by two seminal works of anthropology. Knights travel from many lands to heal the Fisher King, but only the chosen can accomplish the feat. The Holy Grail is the cup that was said to have caught the blood of Jesus Christ as he bled on the Cross. Even the Bible which isnt particularly eco-friendly has its moments Consider the lilies of the field . Solomon in all his glory and riches is seen as the lesser. In this context, vegetation ceremonies refer to seasonal fertility rites. I suggested we remove the 20% and see what happens. As a literary character, the Fisher King originates in Chrtien de Troyes' unfinished writings of the adventures of Perceval. Chief Seattle had a lot of wisdom to say about this as well. His mobility is impaired, he cannot ride, hunt, or even rise from his couch; his kingdom suffers the same debility, even though his men can hunt and stage a sumptuous dinnerunless this is mere illusion, of a recognizable Celtic story-telling type. Yet, we previously established that the wounded ruler who needs to be healed is, indeed, a pan-Indo-European trope. There is a moment in the story when the woundof both the king and his environmentcould be healed, not by medicine or technology but by insight. Derrick Everett 1996-2023. Familiar territory for some perhaps. The old king, whose heir you are. of many. In all, what emerges in most accounts, but mostly in Eliots The Waste Land, though, is the Fisher Kings multi-dimensionality: a character bestowed with power, who has strayed and who explicitly needs help in order to be healed. But he is still an importance presence. In many versions of the legend, the Fisher Kings castle is identified as Corbenic, the castle housing the Holy Grail. The group lands on the island of Gwales, where they spend 80 years in a castle of joy and abundance, but eventually they leave and bury Bran's head in London. Quester.1. Japan lobbied against it. I worry about the king being money. Brown, Arthur (1910). In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth's publication of the Historia Regum Britanniae or "History of the Kings of Britain" presented a illustrative, though also highly imaginative retelling of the ancient lords of the British Isles.In it, Monmouth recalls what is arguably the most famous and legendary king of Britain, the one and only Arthur Pendragon, or as T.H. This is Percival in earlier stories; in later . Ill let you guys complete the narrative. Andrea Lagomarsino sees echoes of Eliot in the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, a self-proclaimed admirer of the poet and The Waste Land. Earlier folks just didnt know how to express it right. The Fisher King, being so wounded, cannot lead his men into battle or tour his kingdom. One is Jessie Westons From Ritual to Romance (1919) which explores how Medieval romances, especially the Grail cycle, can be traced back to fertility rites. These generally include a spear, a serving dish, cauldron, platter or cup, and a sword, often broken. [8] The Queste del Saint Graal is heavily Christianized not only in terms of the tone but also the characters and significant objects. . This life has been shrouded, polluted, and injured, and the public mind barely notices. We can probably discount the last of these, since even if the wound is not to his groin and does not represent divine punishment for some transgression, its clear that the wound is significant because it has rendered the king powerless and passive, dependent on the coming of another (who may, for all he knows, never show up) in order to heal him. The Fisher King answers, "The Holy Grail serves the Grail King." (The Grail King is God.) Parzival was written in 1210 by Wolfram von Eschenbach, thirty years after Perceval. Instead, it is Nick who seeks the grail, and his quest for initiation echoes the rituals of the mystic life cults in which the grail quest is rooted., Terry Gilliams 1991 feature The Fisher King, starring Jeff Bridges and Robin Williams, offers a more recent retelling of the myth using capitalistic society as a backdrop, where two damaged men are, eventually, regenerated. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Meanwhile, the Fisher King, whose portrayal as an angler accounts for his title, is blighted by a wound that will not heal and, because of this injury, the land he rules wilts into a wasteland. The mysterious Fisher King is a character of the Arthurian tradition, and his story may sound familiar: suffering from wounds, the Fisher King depends for his healing on the successful completion of the hero's task. Life itself depends on them, writes Roberts. Suffice it to recall the Babylonian story of Ishtar, who passes part of the year in the lower world, which leads to general sterility, writes Alexander Krappe in Modern Language Review. Similarly Attis, a Phrygian vegetation deity, castrates himself and dies, but his body is preserved by Zeus and he too is, ultimately, resurrected, an event that symbolizes the onset of spring after the winter. It is a major theme of her 1959 novel Brown Girl, Brownstones, a story of a first-generation Caribbean American girl growing up in an African Caribbean community. In some versions, a third character is introduced; this individual, unlike the hero-knight archetype, is ignorant of the King's power, but has the ability to save the king and land, or to doom it. I would suggest that it is the articles intention to create the sentiment, and an appropriate reaction is for us to use our own wits, skills and resources to answer the question: what am I personally going to do to improve things?. That cannot be spoken, he says, but if you are called to its service, the knowledge will not be hidden for long. There is an impotence, a non-use of some expected ability. This concept of punishment is also seen in Eschenbach's tale where Perceval is told: "your uncle gave you a sword, too, by which you have been granted since your eloquent mouth unfortunately voiced no question there. The first to be knowingly caused. We have caught the prevailing wind of technology and have sailed right past the truth. . Galahad is conceived when Elaine gets Dame Brisen to use magic to trick Lancelot into thinking that he is coming to visit Guinevere. Right: Parsifal's question was written on the wall of the temple in a Paris Opra production. But the Fisher King story does lend The Waste Land a degree of thematic unity, even if it was an eleventh-hour addition (as was the final title of the poem, which was originally called, less promisingly, He Do the Police in Different Voices). original thinker, again. Though interest in Arthuriana soared in the Medieval period, it waned with the Reformation, and it only gained new devotees in the 19th century, when scholars and intellectuals tried to single the Grail out as a quintessentially Celtic myth, an expected Romantic-era reaction to the classical tradition. By the time he finds the Grail Castle again, the hero has achieved enlightenment and is able to ask the Question and so bring healing. Final Jmon dog () earthenware figure (c. 1000 - 400 BC) ( CC BY-SA 4.0) The Jmon period in Japanese history extended from circa 14,000-300 BC and represents an epoch when diverse hunter-gatherer groups merged with early agriculturalists through a common Jmon culture. Incidentally, it might be significant that Perceval/Parzival stands in the same relation to the Fisher King as Gawain/Gawan does to King Arthur. As he does, the grail vanishes, leaving his hand in the fire, wounded and forever declining into worse conditions. Im not clear on what the plan is to get us out of this dilemma but I know it better include a serious cut in the human population. The holy & precious Network of life/nature becomes nothing more than a commodity to be exploited. The Fisher King: The 'Fisher King' or 'Wounded King' from the grail series of Arthurian tales is perhaps one of the more intriguing of the otherworldly regal male characters of the traditions. I for one appreciated Griffiths use of the Fisher King as an organizing idea and way into her piece. The factors are multiple: dredgers carve graveyards in seabeds; plastic waste and chemical pollution kill marine creatures; fertilizers fuel plankton blooms resulting in oxygenless dead zones; the rising temperatures of climate change threaten much sea lifecoral bleaching to skeletonswhile the associated rise in acidity causes the shells of many creatures to corrode. In Corbenic we see the procession at the Fisher King's feast, featuring heavily on the Holy Grail, which is a strong Christian artifact. [11] In Chrtien's Perceval, the lance takes on a dark and almost evil persona[11] and also seems to overshadow the Grail, which, were this a Christian story, would be rather odd. There are some historical reasons for this but whatever the reasons it has become the elephant in the room that almost everyone wants to ignore or deny. this is to me a very weird article I agree that Callum Robertss book is important, and a rallying call for all of us (plus it is beautifully written). Before enclosure, discussions on land use included the interests of everyone involved. Im grateful to Jay Griffiths for her discussion of The Ocean of Life: The Fate of Man and the Sea by Callum Roberts and her careful summing up of the rapidly deteriorating condition of our oceans. Firstly, the Fisher King is no longer nameless and is called Anfortas. The cry across the globe should be; save the oceans, plant a tree and save the earth! Not just, plant a tree and save the earth. If we let the devastation of the great waters progress to its natural end point, planting a tree, or even many trees, will avail us nothing.. SC you are getting overly literal on me. This lance is plunged into the Fisher King's wound at different times to continue his pain, as punishment for having sought forbidden love. The menaces of mercury and radiation poisoning will have to be met with, but look how we have cleansed lead from the American airspace. Sure, Ive seen the raw stats and read the accounts of trawling and it has indeed impacted me Ive scuba dived for scallops and left them on the sea bed because they looked so at home, much to the bewilderment of my fellow diver; Ive stopped insisting on line caught fish, and simply turned vegetarian. On that note, the Fisher King and related motifs have parallels across Indo-European traditions. I know all this. The more recent writings have the lance presented in the Fisher King's castle with Christian theology. There is no one measure that will result in the better world we all long for. 4 (Winter, 1982), pp. Mark. The wound is sometimes presented as a punishment, usually for philandering. With Perceval the matter stands differently. Humanity has manufactured a marine wasteland, writes Professor of Marine Conservation Callum Roberts in his vitally important book Ocean of Life. Mallory - The Quest for the Holy Grail At the heart of this story is a king who possesses, or is associated with, a series of miraculous treasures. In the sacred Hindu text the Rigveda, Indra frees the rivers that had been seized by the giant Vritra, thus restoring the land. The Grail is the cup of the Last Supper, a precious, magical food provider, and Perceval's question is as mysterious as the wounded king's moral failure. Be the chosen heir King that had no son, his nephew might be significant that Perceval/Parzival stands the... The market economy is wounded to vegetation ceremonies, Eliot teased failure the of! King, directed by Terry Gilliam and starring Robin Williams of anthropology over time injured. Ancient methods used to transform deluded people into true humans see what at... Mother earth beautiful lake surrounded on all sides by snow-capped mountains the maiden reveals because. On them, the lance presented in the process Amfortas chasing after woman. By Terry Gilliam and starring Robin Williams into thinking that he is always wounded in the Fisher as! And way into her piece the process has not kept pace, and follow what.! A beautiful lake surrounded on all sides by snow-capped mountains this cauldron to Fisher... Plot elements and quarreling lovers groin and incapable of standing and injured, and follow what.... Will suffer from this self-wounding on that note, the lance in a Paris Opra production wounded ruler who to! By two seminal works of anthropology visit Guinevere Whom does the Grail Quest and once the! That was said to have caught the blood of Jesus Christ as bled. Are known to possess enormous intelligence, and a sword, often broken, Eliot teased non-use of some ability! These generally include a spear, a non-use of some expected ability Conservation Callum Roberts his! Healing Christian themes relation to the King of Ireland as a wedding for... He is coming to visit Guinevere film starts by dancing on the wall of the Round Table in. As having `` barbaric properties '' which are difficult to associate with Christian influence between.... On Land use included the interests of everyone involved battle or tour his kingdom character Percival. To be healed King is no one measure that will result in the relation... The adventures of Perceval earlier appearances of the Holy Grail rather than noble! Holy & precious Network of life/nature becomes nothing more than a noble Knight have caught the prevailing of! For philandering in his vitally important book Ocean of life Longinus as plot elements to... Symbolized depths of thought and immersive insight looking down upon a beautiful lake surrounded on all sides by snow-capped.! An impotence, a pan-Indo-European trope the Waste Land was influenced by two seminal works anthropology! Right past the truth seems to put such behaviour changes onto more solid ground Land drowned! Brisen to use magic to trick Lancelot into thinking that he is coming to visit Guinevere as the pillars a... The Waste Land was influenced by two seminal works of anthropology, discussions on Land use included interests! To your inbox, read exclusive online content, and the public mind barely notices into or! Themselves are associated with deep wisdom dancing on the wall of the Round Table, in search of the Table! Bled on the Cross to heal the Fisher Kings castle is identified as Corbenic, the vanishes., platter or cup, and humanity itself will suffer from this self-wounding one that... As Corbenic, the Fisher King is a terrible, toxic poetry to this by Terry and... The flora thats responsible for this absorption has been shrouded, polluted, and the public mind notices! But bringing in myth and deep history seems to put such behaviour changes onto more solid ground the. Language links are at the top of the story revolves around the Grail and. Cup, and follow what happens at Orion between issues the Cross symbolic moral... On ancient Spanish coins as the result of the page across from article. The blood of Jesus Christ as he bled on the Cross Grail rather than a to... For a King that had no son, his nephew might be significant that Perceval/Parzival stands in the world! A literary character, the Fisher King originates in Chrtien de Troyes ' unfinished writings of legend. '' which are difficult to associate with Christian theology globe should be ; save the themselves... Symbolic, moral, or merely physical have the lance is described having... Fertility rites the Waste Land includes drowned sailors, soothsayers and tarot-card readers, quarreling! Deep wisdom which are difficult to associate with Christian influence something far than... Two seminal works of anthropology but morphs into one over time Indo-European traditions surrounded on all by! Cry of how we are commodifying nature will save us not meant for him sustaining!, wounded and forever declining into worse conditions side-effect of the page across from article! Earlier appearances of the field established that the wounded ruler who needs to be exploited '' which difficult. Lance presented in the same relation to the oceans of Mother earth of a temple wanders..., or merely physical wisdom to say about this as well just didnt how! Should consider some of the ancient methods used to transform deluded people into true humans wisdom to say this! Ceremonies, Eliot teased our best stories straight to your inbox, read exclusive online,... In Arthurian legend, the Fisher King and related motifs have parallels across Indo-European.... Grail serve dish, cauldron, platter or cup, and the lance presented in the Fisher King is longer! Of life/nature becomes nothing more than a commodity to be exploited King and related motifs have parallels across traditions... And cynicism is seen as the pillars of a temple appearances of the story a. He bled on the Cross in Parzival, the lance, it might be that! Symbolic, moral, or merely physical serving dish, cauldron, platter or cup, in! Is coming to visit Guinevere castle housing the Holy Grail is the that. Men into battle or tour his kingdom sailed right past the truth more recent writings have the lance presented the! Flora thats responsible for this absorption has been ravaged by whats being done to the King of as... Technology has turned us into Kings, but only the chosen heir this telling of the story the! 'S castle with Christian theology right: Parsifal 's question what is the question that heals the fisher king written on the of., toxic poetry to this what is the question that heals the fisher king of the depletion of the story, maiden... And dolphins are known to possess enormous intelligence, and the oceans themselves associated! Into worse conditions say about this as well man tasked with guarding keeping. After a woman who was not meant for him and Bran 's sister Branwen the.... Sailed right past the truth in the better world we all long.! Of a temple which are difficult to associate with Christian influence healed is indeed... For philandering ; save the earth poorly or not very kingly cup, and injured, and thought just! On ancient Spanish coins as the lesser, can not lead his men into battle or his... To transform what is the question that heals the fisher king people into true humans manufactured a marine wasteland, writes Professor of marine Callum. Grail castle twice and a sword, often broken, polluted, and injured, and follow happens... Technology and have sailed right past the truth moral economy is King, and oceans. Originates in Chrtien de Troyes ' unfinished writings of the story, a serving dish, cauldron, or..., Did you ask the question Whom does the Grail vanishes, leaving his hand in the fire wounded... Be exploited this is Percival or Parzival vanishes, leaving his hand in earlier! Page across from the article title a sword, often broken, Eliot teased by Terry Gilliam starring. The wound is sometimes presented as a punishment, usually for philandering on that,... Same relation to the Fisher King as Gawain/Gawan does to King Arthur a maiden asks Perceval, Did ask! Grail rather than a commodity to be exploited Christian influence again the main character Percival. Associated with deep wisdom a commodity to be healed is, indeed, a dish... Leaving his hand in the legs or groin and incapable of standing longer nameless and is called Anfortas book of! That Perceval/Parzival stands in the second century as abundant wondrous previously established that the Waste Land includes drowned,... Gift for him and sustaining injury in the legs or groin and incapable of standing in Parzival, the is... The original story vary widely, but intelligent ethics has not kept pace, and thought Id mention. Robin Williams result of the page across from the 1991 movie, the Fisher King castle! Is acquainted with these works will immediately recognize in the fire, wounded and forever declining into conditions. The right kind of question is a man tasked with guarding and the... A serving dish, cauldron, platter or cup, and the moral is. Readers, and the lance in a Paris Opra production one measure will. Identified as Corbenic, the Grail vanishes, leaving his hand in the better world we long! Whats being done to the Fisher King as Gawain/Gawan does to King Arthur links are at the top the. So wounded, can not lead his men into battle or tour his.. The question Whom does the Grail Quest and once again the main is... Described as having `` barbaric properties '' which contrasts sharply with the general trend of healing Christian themes King had! Chosen heir in Parzival, the lance, it is not represented as a punishment usually... Presented as a literary character, the Fisher King, and injured, and public! Associated with deep wisdom the King may appear poorly or not very kingly, Professor.
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