Jean Lafitte, Jr. (Cadet) was a merchant and military officer who died in New Orleans on September 25, 1789, and was interred at St. Peter Cemetery, New Orleans. He and his brother Pierre alternately claimed to have been born in Bayonne, while other documents of the time place his birthplace as St. Malo or Brest. Widely publicized, the raid was hailed by the Niles' Weekly Register as "a major conquest for the United States". (Spain had become an ally of the British against the French.) [117] Laflin had been previously accused of forging letters purportedly from Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, and Davy Crockett. Collectively they were known as "Number thirteen". Their patrols and interventions reduced the number of active pirates in the region. Omoa was the site of the largest Spanish fort in Central America, built to guard the Spanish silver shipments from the mines of Tegucigalpa to overseas destinations. In April 1818, the United States passed a law prohibiting the import of slaves into any port in the United States. Within two days of his offer, handbills were posted all over New Orleans offering a similar award for the arrest of the governor. On September 3, 1814, the British ship HMS Sophie fired on a pirate ship returning to Barataria. Biographie. His men tore down the existing houses and built 200 new, sturdier structures. Catiche became pregnant and gave birth to their son, Jean Pierre, on November 4, 1815. It destroyed four ships and most buildings. Pierre and Jean Laffite (also commonly spelled Lafitte in contemporary histories) were born in the village of Pauillac on the Gironde estuary in the Medoc region of France. [7] His elder brother Pierre became a privateer; he may have operated from Saint-Domingue, which frequently issued letters of marque. [84], In June 1822, Lafitte approached the officials in Colombia, whose government had begun commissioning former privateers as officers in their new navy. On April 18, he sailed for New Orleans to report his activities. In 1818, the Campeche colony suffered hardships. 3 and 4. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Jack C. Ramsay, who published a 1996 biography of Lafitte, says, "this was a convenient time to be a native of France, a claim that provided protection from the enforcement of American law". On February 13, he escaped, likely with outside help. On November 10, 1812, the United States District Attorney John R. Grymes charged Lafitte with "violation of the revenue law". [25] As the smuggling operations reduced the amount of revenue collected by customs offices, American authorities were determined to halt Barataria's operations. The family migrated to the island of Hispaniola, then fled during the turmoil of rebellion, and the brothers may have reached New Orleans by 1804. [63] On land and sea, the former pirate gunners earned praise as the battle continued. 3,841 were here. Many of the smugglers wanted to lynch the British men, but Lafitte intervened and placed guards outside his home to ensure their protection. He was accompanied by a Royal Marine infantry captain, John McWilliam,[45][46] who had been given a package to deliver to Lafitte. Courtesy, Louisiana State Museum. [27], Governor William C.C. Il a reu de nombreux loges de la part des vedettes de l'mission. During Mexico's fight for independence, revolutionaries encouraged Lafitte to attack Spanish ships and keep the booty. Jean Laffite (Lafitte), pirate, was born in Bayonne, France, probably in 1780 or 1781, the son of a French father and a Spanish mother. In 1821, the schooner USSEnterprise was sent to Galveston to remove Lafitte from the Gulf. Pierre and Marie Lagrange had Pierre Jr. in about 1770. [79] In October or November 1821, Lafitte's ship was ambushed as he attempted to ransom a recent prize. [32] Because the US Navy did not have enough ships to act against the Baratarian smugglers, the government turned to the courts. [10] Davis places Lafitte's brother Pierre in Saint-Domingue by the late 1790s and the early 19th century. [44], McWilliam brought two letters in his packet for Lafitte: one, under the seal of King George III, offered Lafitte and his forces British citizenship and land grants in the British colonies in the Americas (by then, these consisted of islands in the Caribbean and territory in Upper and Lower Canada). Rumors abounded: he changed his name after leaving Galveston and disappeared; he was killed by his own men shortly after leaving Galveston; or, he rescued Napoleon and they both died in Louisiana. [18], The brothers soon acquired a third ship, La Diligent. He requested approval to raise a militia company to "disperse those desperate men on Lake Barataria whose piracies have rendered our shores a terror to neutral flags". (Ramsay (1996), pp. Many of the smugglers wanted to lynch the British men, but Lafitte intervened and placed guards outside his home to ensure their protection. As part of Mexico, it was outside the authority of the United States, and was largely uninhabited, except by Native American Karankawa. [5] No samples of his writing survive, except his signature; his surviving letters were always written by a secretary. [114][115] When the historical society could not authenticate the claim, Laflin approached Louisiana author Stanley Arthur. For the town named after him, see. Within weeks, Dorada captured a schooner loaded with goods valued at more than $9,000. Resentful of the raid on Barataria, Lafitte's men refused to serve on their former ships. British forces sought access to the Mississippi River to gain control of the interior of the US. [74] Two weeks after setting sail, they captured a Spanish ship, which they sent to Galveston, hoping the Longs would smuggle the goods to New Orleans. He also ran a blacksmith shop in New Orleans, his legitimate business. [79] It was being developed for cotton culture, as invention of the cotton gin had made short-staple cotton profitable. [91] When Lafitte and other pirates operating in the area began attacking merchant ships carrying legal goods to Cuba, they angered Cuban officials. Within two days of Lafitte's notes, Pierre "escaped" from jail. Accueil Nouveautes. [38] Officials tried to break up this auction by force. [71] Texas was lightly populated at this time, and the base had no significant populations nearby. [4] He notes that still other contemporary accounts claim that Lafitte was born in Ordua, Spain, or in Westchester County, New York, north of Manhattan. [2], Ramsay speculates that Lafitte was born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). By others, he was born Jewish in Bordeaux, France. Claiborne took a leave of absence in September 1810, leaving Thomas B. Robertson as acting governor. Lafitte and several of his men rowed to meet them halfway. An attorney representing Lafitte argued that the captured ships had flown the flag of Cartagena, an area at peace with the United States. Like Barataria, Galveston was a seaward island that protected a large inland bay. By midmorning, 10 armed pirate ships formed a battle line in the bay. The smugglers wounded one of the officers and safely escaped with the contraband. He also ran a blacksmith shop in New Orleans, his legitimate business. Due to escalating violence from the Haitian Revolution, in early 1803 Pierre boarded a refugee ship for New Orleans. One of Lafitte's men testified that the Baratarians had never intended to fight the US but had prepared their vessels to flee. As part of Mexico, it was outside the authority of the United States, and was largely uninhabited, except by the Karankawa, a Native American people. It's not known who her father was. 00:05:13 - Visit our interactive map!Enjoy this content? Superbe tableau par Jean Lafitte, au sujet d'un Clown. He brought all captured goods to Barataria. [93], In June 1822, Lafitte approached the officials in the Great Colombia, whose government under General Simn Bolvar had begun commissioning former privateers as officers in its new navy. [60] By early 1817, other revolutionaries had begun to congregate at Galveston, hoping to make it their base to wrest Mexico from Spanish control. If they refused the offer, the British Navy would destroy Barataria. On September 13, 1814 Commodore Daniel Patterson set sail aboard the USS Carolina for Barataria. As a singles wrestler, Pierre was repackaged in 1995 as Jean-Pierre LaFitte, the descendant of real-life pirate named Jean LaFitte. Laffite is believed to have been born either in Basque-France or the French colony of Saint-Domingue in the Caribbean. [44], On September 23, Patterson and his fleet, including the eight captured ships, began the return trip to New Orleans. Workers would reload goods into smaller batches onto pirogues or barges, for transport through the many bayous to New Orleans. Others formed three artillery companies. Lafitte essentially developed Galveston Island as another smuggling base. [28] The residents of New Orleans were grateful to the Lafittes for providing them with luxuries otherwise prevented from importing by the embargo. [63], Lafitte essentially developed Galveston Island as another smuggling base. This was problematic for New Orleans merchants, who had relied heavily on trade with Caribbean colonies of other nations. . [75] Lafitte interviewed all newcomers and required them to take an oath of loyalty to him. One of the pirate's captains had attacked an American merchant ship. The judge ruled that Patterson should get the customary share of profits from the goods that had already been sold, but he did not settle the ownership of the ships. Lafitte's biographer Jack C. Ramsay says, "this was a convenient time to be a native of France, a claim that provided protection from the enforcement of American law". She was the sister of Marie Villard, the mistress of his brother, Pierre. Claiborne took a leave of absence in September 1810, leaving Thomas B. Robertson as acting governor. Le Gers, chemin faisant, Jean-Roger Bourrec, J.B. Lafitte, Gypaete Eds. Lafitte wanted to avoid a Spanish invasion. 3 and 4. The boys were given a basic Catholic education. Like Barataria, Galveston was a seaward island that protected a large inland bay. Geni requires JavaScript! [95], In the mid-1920s, a private search for the treasure of Lafitte extended to the draining of Indian Bayou. Lafitte for a time lived a lavish lifestyle, complete with servants and the finest housewares and other accoutrements.[78]. Quand il est finalement devenu le visage de la chane, cela lui a pris plus de 30 ans. It was specifically intended to prohibit trade with the United Kingdom, as tensions were increasing between the two countries. Several of Lafitte's men were arrested and convicted of piracy. He and his older brother Pierre spelled their last name Laffite, but English language documents of the time used "Lafitte". [41] He was arrested, tried, convicted, and jailed on charges of "having knowingly and wittingly aided and assisted, procured, commanded, counselled, and advised" persons to commit acts of piracy". Their son, baptized Jean on February 7, 1779, was a mariner and immigrated to the French West Indies . Early life [ edit] Pierre was raised by extended family elsewhere in Louisiana. His maternal grandfather, according to this account,. [31], As the smuggling operations reduced the amount of revenue collected by customs offices, American authorities were determined to halt business at Barataria. [85] Almost half of the combined crew refused to sail as pirates; Lafitte allowed them to leave aboard his largest ship, the brig General Victoria. [93] Lafitte is rumored to have buried treasure at many locations, including Galveston and sites along coastal Louisiana, such as Contraband Bayou in Lake Charles. [10], Sources indicate that Lafitte was sharp and resourceful, but also handsome and friendly, enjoying drinking, gambling, and women. [123][124], There were also plans to connect the Pirates of the Caribbean, The Haunted Mansion attraction and Tom Sawyer's island using Laffite. They feared that Lafitte and his men might side with the British. In his alleged journal, Lafitte describes childhood in the home of his Jewish grandmother, who was full of stories about the familys escape from the Inquisition. The American warship which captured him turned Lafitte over to the local authorities, who promptly released him. [83] Lafitte's men buried some of the cargo on the island and ran the captured vessel aground, but an American patrol spotted the ship and, after investigating, discovered the buried cargo. [45] Lafitte was described as, "a man who, for about two years past, has been famous for crimes that the civilized world wars against. [24] They outfitted it with 12 fourteen-pounder cannons. Robertson was incensed by Lafitte's operation, calling his men "brigands who infest our coast and overrun our country". They had his only known son, Jean Pierre Lafitte (d. 1832). Within two days of Lafitte's notes, Pierre "escaped" from jail. Jean Lafitte is one of the most famous people in New Orleans history, known as a pirate, a war hero and the namesake of many New Orleans landmarks. [51], On September 23, Patterson and his fleet, including the eight captured ships, began the return trip to New Orleans. [28] Biographer Jack Ramsay speculates that the voyage was intended to "establish[Lafitte] as a privateering captain". Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Head Jean Pierre Lafitte Cast Custom Figures WWF WWE Mattel Hasbro Wrestling at the best online prices at eBay! (The United States and the United Kingdom had prohibited the Atlantic slave trade after 1808, but Spain continued to import slaves to the Caribbean.) Workers would reload goods into smaller batches onto pirogues or barges for transport through the bayous to New Orleans. Others formed three artillery companies. [41] The legislature appointed a committee to study the matter but, as most of their constituents benefitted by the smuggling, they never authorized the militia. When Patterson's men went ashore, they met no resistance. A representative of the smuggler would purchase the slaves at the ensuing auction, and the smuggler would be given half of the purchase price. The smuggler became the lawful owner of the slaves and could resell them in New Orleans, or transport them for sale in other parts of the Deep South, which was the major slave market of the time. (The British were allied with Spain against the French and the US.) [11], Based in New Orleans, Pierre Lafitte served as a silent partner, looking after their interests in the city. They sailed three ships, which Davis described as likely "one of the largest privately owned corsair fleets operating on the coast, and the most versatile. A number of details about Jean Lafitte's early life remain obscure and often sources contradict each other. By 1805 he is believed to have been running a warehouse in New Orleans and possibly a store on Royal Street. He was accompanied by six gunboats and a tender. [4], According to Ramsay, as a young man, Lafitte likely spent much time exploring the wetlands and bayou country south of New Orleans. [43], US Commodore Daniel Patterson commanded an offensive force against Lafitte and his men at Barataria, 1814, The US ordered an attack on Lafitte's colony. [58][59] Galveston[edit]. Lafitte's men identified slave ships and captured them. The second item was a personal note to Lafitte from McWilliam's superior, Lieutenant Colonel Edward Nicolls, urging him to accept the offer.[40]. A hurricane in September resulted in flooding of most of the island, in which several people died. The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1983.123.8. [31] The following month, the governor offered a $500 reward for Lafitte's capture. Located on Bourbon Street in New Orleans, it is believed Lafitte may have spent time there in his earlier years as a safe place off of Royal Street to orchestrate the transfer of smuggled goods. The corsairs aimed the artillery at the Karankawa, killing most of the men in the tribe. Lafitte visited in March 1817. They took 80 people captive, but Lafitte escaped safely. The Americans took custody of six schooners, one felucca, and a brig, as well as 20cannon and goods worth $500,000. The United States government passed the Embargo Act of 1807 as tensions built with the United Kingdom by prohibiting trade. [73] He reportedly took immense amounts of treasure with him, and was accompanied by his mulatto mistress and an infant son. "[43], Lafitte committed himself and his men for any defensive measures needed by New Orleans. The couple had six children, including at least three daughters. [69] With Spanish permission, Lafitte returned to Galveston, promising to make weekly reports of his activities.[70]. After being run out of New Orleans in 1817, Lafitte re-established his kingdom on the island of Galveston, Texas, which was known as Campeche. The smugglers often held letters of marque from multiple countries, authorizing them to capture booty from differing nations. [30], Lafitte's continued flouting of the laws angered Governor Claiborne, who, on March 15, issued a proclamation against the Baratarian "banditti who act in contravention of the laws of the United States to the evident prejudice of the revenue of the federal government". Pierre Lafitte had one other child, also named Pierre, from his first marriage to Marie LaGrange, who died in childbirth. The headquarters consisted of a two-storey building facing the inland harbor, where landings were made. [36] Lafitte's ship grounded in shallow water where the larger British ship could not follow. After the United States government passed the Embargo Act of 1807, the Lafittes moved their operations to an island in Barataria Bay, Louisiana. Rumors abounded that he had changed his name after leaving Galveston and disappeared, that he was killed by his own men shortly after leaving Galveston, or that he had rescued Napoleon and that both had died in Louisiana. They had a hideout on Barataria Island in Jefferson Parish where they lay low when indignant American and foreign shippers got too close for comfort. He suggested that the line be extended to a nearby swamp, and Jackson ordered it done. [4] Lafitte likely helped his brother to sell or trade the captured merchandise. [1] [86][Note 2], Lafitte and his men continued to take Spanish ships in the Gulf of Mexico and often returned to Galveston or the barrier islands near New Orleans to unload cargo or take on supplies arranged by Pierre. [6] According to Ramsay, Lafitte's widowed mother migrated with her two sons, the elder Pierre and Jean, from Saint-Domingue to New Orleans in the 1780s. [73] Aury returned to Galveston several months later, but he left in July when he realized that the men were unwilling to revolt. Though Lafitte warned the other Baratarians of a possible military attack on their base of operations, an American naval force successfully invaded in September 1814 and captured most of Lafitte's fleet. After securing victory, Jackson paid tribute in despatches to the Laffite brothers' efforts, as well as those of their fellow privateers. The United States made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. The journal has Lafitte born on April 22, 1782 at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, the son of a French father and a mother who was a Sephardic Jew. His reading and writing abilities, therefore, remain unclear. [41] Lafitte had copies of the letters sent to Jean Blanque, a member of the state legislature who had invested in the Barataria operation. [89], Over the next few months, Lafitte established a base along the coast of Cuba, where he bribed local officials with a share of the profits. [50], In mid-December, Jackson met with Lafitte, who offered to serve if the US would pardon those of his men who agreed to defend the city. Catiche had given birth to a daughter named Marie on November 10, 1813. On January 21, Jackson issued a statement praising his troops, especially the cannoneers and "Captains Dominique and Beluche, lately commanding privateers of Barataria, with part of their former crews and many brave citizens of New Orleans, were stationed at Nos. In later years, he was described as having "a more accurate knowledge of every inlet from the Gulf than any other man". Jean Lafitte Becomes A Pirate Commander As is true of so many elusive characters of his time, the details on Lafitte's background are ambiguous. Another account says Lafitte married Christina Levine at the age of seventeen. He was accompanied by six gunboats and a tender. J Irai Cracher Sur Vos Tombes Boris Vian download. His brother Pierre Lafitte was a blacksmith. His maternal grandmother and mother, both Conversos, fled Spain for France in 1765. "[21] For several months, the Lafittes would send the ships directly to New Orleans with a legal cargo and would take on outgoing provisions in the city. Their father was the merchant Pierre Laffite, but they appear to have had different mothers. It's difficult to separate fact from legend when it comes to the mysterious Jean Lafitte. Lafitte named his colony Campeche, after a Mexican outpost further south along the Gulf Coast. Patristique users skynet be. Wounded in the battle, Lafitte is believed to have died just after dawn on February 5. Within weeks, Dorada captured a schooner loaded with over $9,000 in goods. [48] Jackson responded, "I ask you, Louisianans, can we place any confidence in the honor of men who have courted an alliance with pirates and robbers? Uninterested in exports from New Orleans, customs agents rarely checked the accuracy of the manifests. The 1938 movie "The Buccaneer" tells a tale of adventure and romance. Jackson agreed to do so. The Baratarians invited the British officers to row to their island. Despite Laffite warning the other Baratarians of a possible military attack on their base, a US naval force successfully invaded in September 1814 and captured most of his fleet. The Spanish ships appeared to be fleeing but at 10:00 pm turned back for a frontal counterattack against Lafitte's ship. Raised in a kosher Jewish household, his father was said to be French and his mother either a Spaniard or Sephardi. His maternal grandfather had been executed by the Inquisition for "Judaizing". 4me Srie, Tome II, Juillet Dcembre 1894. By 1805, he operated a warehouse in New Orleans to help disperse the goods smuggled by his brother Pierre Lafitte. [118][Note 4], Lafitte is paid tribute at Disneyland by a ship anchor monument with an accompanying plaque found in New Orleans Square. End of Campeche[edit], In 1821, the schooner USS Enterprise was sent to Galveston to remove Lafitte from the Gulf. Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop is named after him. [61] The British began advancing upon the American lines on December 28, but were repulsed by an artillery crew manned by two of Lafitte's former lieutenants, Renato Beluche and Dominique Youx. These men were pardoned after testifying that they had deserted from Lafitte's ship in Galveston when they discovered that it did not have a valid privateering commission. Collectively they were known as "Number thirteen". [116] Handwriting analysis experts affirmed that conclusion. Lafitte worked with several smugglers, including Jim Bowie, to profit from the poorly written law. Most of his men had believed that Lafitte had a valid privateering commission although there was confusion as to which country had issued it. "[26] For several months, the Lafittes would send the ships directly to New Orleans with legal cargo and would take on outgoing provisions in the city. He said his ships would sail as pirates. [57], In mid-December, Jackson met with Lafitte, who offered to serve if the US would pardon those of his men who agreed to defend the city. Numerous novels and stories refer to Lafitte's exploits. The brothers adapted the captured ship for use in piracy and named it Dorada. [46] Likely inspired by Lafitte's offer to help defend Louisiana, Governor Claiborne wrote the US Attorney General, Richard Rush requesting a pardon for the Baratarians, saying that for generations, smugglers were "esteemed honest [and] sympathy for these offenders is certainly more or less felt by many of the Louisianans". The Spanish ships were heavily armed privateers or warships and returned heavy fire. "[48]Battle of New Orleans[edit]Main article: Battle of New Orleans, When Andrew Jackson arrived in New Orleans on December 1, 1814, he discovered the city had not created any defenses. Held during the first two weeks of May, the festival celebrates Lafitte's exploits and the legend of buried treasure. Lafitte's men identified slave ships and captured them. The brothers stripped down their original ship and used its guns to outfit the new one. [11] This was the last year that Napoleon failed to regain control of Saint-Domingue. When they had disembarked and were surrounded by his men, Lafitte identified himself to them. In the popular Japanese manga/anime series, Jean Laffite is a character in the historical fiction novels, Jean Lafitte is a character in the (2014) science-fiction, mystery novel, Tom Cooper uses Lafitte's and treasure in his novel. [94] For the first time, Lafitte was legally authorized to take Spanish ships. Full text of Trait de pathologie interne et du th. In February 1823, Lafitte was cruising off the town of Omoa, Honduras, on his schooner General Santander. Officials released the smugglers after they posted bond, and they disappeared, refusing to return for a trial. [81]. [34], Claiborne appealed to the new state legislature, citing the lost revenues due to the smuggling. The brothers established a smuggling operation into New Orleans. Later years[edit], Most of his men had believed that Lafitte had a valid privateering commission, although there was confusion on which country had issued it. The law left several loopholes, giving permission to any ship to capture a slave ship, regardless of the country of origin. [99], Ramsay compares the numerous legends related to the life and death of Jean Lafitte to those about King Arthur and Robin Hood. [37] The following month, the governor offered a $500 reward for Lafitte's capture. Over the next few months, the British Navy increased patrols in the Gulf of Mexico, and by August they had established a base at Pensacola. issued letters of marque. [68] Two weeks into his stay, the two leaders of the revolutionaries left the island. [7] Barataria[edit]. Only six houses survived as habitable.[80]. Buy me a book! [40], Claiborne appealed to the new state legislature, citing the lost revenues due to the smuggling. Officials released the smugglers after they posted bail, and they disappeared and refused to return for a trial. New Orleans issued six such letters, primarily to smugglers who worked with Lafitte at Barataria. After Jean's reported death in the mid-1820s, the widowed Catiche took up with Feliciano Ramos. [16] In January 1813 they took their first prize, a Spanish hermaphrodite brig loaded with 77 slaves. Lafitte and his older brother, Pierre, spent most of their time engaging in piracy in the Gulf of Mexico. [72], Around 1820, Lafitte reportedly married Madeline Regaud, possibly the widow or daughter of a French colonist who had died during an ill-fated expedition to Galveston. [5][12] He was known to adopt more aristocratic mannerisms and dress than most of his fellow privateers. [36], Lafitte's continued flouting of the laws angered Governor Claiborne, who, on March 15, issued a proclamation against the Baratarian "banditti who act in contravention of the laws of the United States to the evident prejudice of the revenue of the federal government". His mothers family allegedly fled from Spain to France in 1765 after his maternal grandfather was put to death for Judaism. 5 , Mexican outpost further south along the Gulf Coast, Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve, Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center, List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States, "FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: GENERAL QUESTIONS", "Jean Laffite as a Father | Historia Obscura", "The Legend of Jean LaFoote Advertising Week 360 AW360", "Cinnamon Crunch (Cap'n Crunch) Cereal | MrBreakfast.com", "Then and Now: Lafitte's Anchor at Disneyland Park", "20 Things You May Not Know About Disneyland's Pirates of the Caribbean Ride", "History and a Behind the Scenes Look at the Pirates of the Caribbean Attraction in Disneyland", "Why is the Name Jean Lafitte Everywhere at Disneyland", History of the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain: declared by act of Congress, the 18th of June, 1812, and concluded by peace, the 15th of February, 1815, Jean Lafitte: Gentleman Pirate of New Orleans, "Jean LaFitte's piratical topsail schooner", History, photos and movies about Jean Lafitte, Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law, Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Lafitte&oldid=1139647857, Recipients of American presidential pardons, Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, pirate, privateer, spy, naval artillery officer, slave trader. 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