BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). 4. No, Is the Subject Area "Dominican Republic" applicable to this article? 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. These are clearly affected by the person, the person's world and the future. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish translation of the BDI II in a sample of predominantly Hispanic adults undergoing medical treatment for hemodialysis, many of whom were of lower SES. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 183-190. The scores used to measure the symptoms on a Beck Anxiety Inventory may range from 0 to 63: minimal anxiety levels (0-7), mild anxiety (8-15), moderate anxiety (16-25), and severe anxiety (26-63). The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. . Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation Developing a culturally appropriate depression prevention program: The Family Coping Skills Program. BDI identifies overt behavioral characteristics of depression. View PDF. Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. The corrected item-total correlation was also calculated for the items of each factor. In these models, an orthogonal general factor called depression was tested along with the specific proposed factors. Copyright: 2018 Garca-Batista et al. They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. Yeung, A., Howarth, S., Chan, R., Sonawalla, S., Nierenberg, A., & Fava, M. (2002). (This is a sampling of the literature in this area. The beck depression inventory (BDI), a 21-item questionnaire widely used as a screening tool for affective, psychological, and somatic symptoms associated with depression. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory used to assess anxiety levels in adults and adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale in psychiatric inpatients. One of the most popular measures used all around the world, is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). The Spanish adaption of Becks Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): Psychometric properties in the general population/Adapatacin espaola del Inventario para la Depresin de Beck-II (BDI-II): Propriedades psicomtricas en poblacin general. STUDIES WITH OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS AND DIVERSE POPULATIONS. This depression inventory can be self-scored. The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. Universidad Siglo 21, Crdoba, Argentina, Effectiveness of Beck Depression Inventory-II subscales in screening for major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. It takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth-sixth-grade reading level to adequately understand the questions. Psychological Assessment, 15, 569-577. Because the items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can . Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 43(4), 413-431. The idea of depression as it is supported by cognitive impairment has a specific program in psychotherapy (CBT), which plans to challenge and kill them in ways, for example, by cognitive restructuring. Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. (2004). The procedure used to determine the cut scores may increase the likelihood of false positives or overdiagnoses of depression among clients. Affective Negative Reinforcement in Addiction, Mechanisms for Intoxicated Emotion and Behavior. Bilingual participants completed both English and Spanish versions, with comparable scores across language administrations. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. The BDI was developed by Aaron T. Beck and Colleagues in 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive . . Description. An inventory for measuring depression. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep . San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. (2005). Clinica y Salud, 14(3), 249-280. PMID: 32962793; PMCID: PMC7681155. Emotion, 5(1), 103-112. Dictionary . It has been translated into languages other than English, and its psychometric properties have been established in numerous cultural groups including the deaf population. Byrne, B.M., Stewart, S.M., & Lee, P.W.H. Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. (2005). It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. Depression represents the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [3] with the higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries [54]. Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. The BDI-II is based on the amended Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-A). (2005). Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. To the extent that depression symptoms and inner experience may differ across cultural backgrounds [42], findings cannot be generalized. Participants were selecting by convenience from general population (N = 797) and hospital population (N = 243). (2002). They found good internal consistency and factoral validity, with factor analysis identifying a general dimension of depression and two related factors, cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational, similar to the factor structure reported in the BDI-II manual. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t003. No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? The content of the inventory is clinically . The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), developed in 1996, was derived from the BDI. From Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996): Psychometrics were studied with a group with the following demographics: The BDI-II was given as part of a standard intake psychological battery. Beck Depression Inventory. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. Kojima, M., Furukawa, T.A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. (2002). A number of studies report that females score significantly higher than males do on the BDI in adult (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and adolescent populations (Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002; Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge, 2004; Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck, 1998). No, Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article? Notwithstanding the implications aforementioned, the current study has a number of limitations that should be mentioned. They found good internal consistency (alpha=.92), and using confirmatory factor analysis, identified two first-order depression factors and one second-order general depression factor, similar to what has been reported in other samples. Beck Depression Inventory (currently in its second edition as BDI-II) is a 21-item, self-rated inventory that evaluates the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Background. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. Confirmatory factor analyses with adolescent psychiatric inpatients (Osman et al., 2004) identified a 2-factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. 1203 Words; 5 Pages; Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Bueno, J.R. (2005). In summary, although factorial data suggests that bifactor models outperform multidimensional modelsregardless of the number of specific factorsfindings are not conclusive [36,37,38]. Moreover, despite most of the items variances were accounted by the general depression factor, the three specific factors (cognitive, affective, and somatic) explained a non-redundant amount of variance. Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. Neal, J.A., Edelmann, R.J., & Glachan, M. (2002). Mult Scler. Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition, Beck's theory is based on a triad that encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences. As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. BDI-II assesses presence and intensity of mood symptoms. Background: There have been several developments in research on emotional disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID). The BDI-II is designed to assess state-related depression and could be used as a quick weekly screener prior to therapy sessions. Legal Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201. BDI-II scores are correlated with scores on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the MMPI-A, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised; and BDI-II scores discriminate between adolescents who do and do not meet DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive disorder (Krefetz et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2002). [35] did not find confirmatory evidence for bifactor models but, instead, they found that a three-factor model consisting of affective, cognitive and somatic factors provided better fit to data in clinical and non-clinical samples. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Results showed that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective, and somatic factors provided the best fit to data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. An inventory for measuring depression. While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. c. Give an example or explain how someone being diagnosed with a mental disorder can be sim; The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. In 1996, the BDI was revised to include additional items and to reflect changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This is a copyrighted measure. Braz J Psychiatry. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1115-1129. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 361-374. The BDI test is widely known and has been tested for content, concurrent, and construct validity.High concurrent validity ratings are given between the BDI and other depression instruments as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Hamilton Depression Scale; 0.77 correlation rating was calculated when compared with inventory . The Beck Depression Inventory or BDI is an assessment method to evaluate the most important symptoms of depression. www.ub.uib.no/elpub/2001/h/308003/Hovedoppgave.pdf. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors. lack of information when it comes to applying the test to other medias. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. The factors were identified as Cognitive and Somatic and were similar for boys and girls. In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. 2011;63 Suppl 11:S454-S466. It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. More research is needed on the use of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-rated scale that evaluates key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body image change, work difficulty, insomnia, fatigability, loss of . The wording in some items asks the respondent to compare their current state to a prior one (e.g., than usual, as ever). Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. According to this index, those models that present values lower than AIC provide a better fit. (2018, February 3). The .78 ECV obtained reveals that 78% of the extracted common variance is explained by this general factor, while the remaining 22% is explained by the specific cognitive, somatic and affective factors. prezi.com. They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral validity. Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. First, the sample study was selected by convenience being primarily compounded by individuals stem from general population. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. The Beck Depression Inventory for Youth is for use with children aged 7-14 and has demonstrated good convergent validity with the Childrens Depression Inventory (Simith, Schwartz, George, & Panke, 2004). One study involving a confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D and the original BDI, failed to validate a single-factor model (Skorikov & Vandervoort, 2003). Cons: 1. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Similarly, McElroy et al. Beck Depression Inventory-II. The BDI has also been used with individuals with vicarious traumatization with scores on a Secondary Trauma Scale related to higher levels of depression (Motta, Newman, Lombardo, & Silverman, 2004). The BDI is not a diagnostic test, but it can help health care providers make a diagnosis. Steer et al. As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. In order to assess the effect size of these differences, Cohen's d was calculated, with values around .30 considered as small effects, values around .50 as medium effects and values greater than .80 as large effects [53]. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click (2004). Validity and Reliability. The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two. The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. References. In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . The funder had no role in the design of the study, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. This tool, the Beck Depression Inventory, is one of the top tools used to assess a person's mental health and determine whether they are experiencing depression. Beck's Depression Inventory . (2014, January 28). For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. For access to the measure(s), please contact the copyright holdershere. It is important to keep in mind that the BDI is a self-report measure. For example, Byrne et al. What Is the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale? Carmody, D.P. 7. You need to invest in your inventory. Beck Anxiety Inventory: an overview. The total scale was the only one that presented values greater than .80 ( = .89; corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .62). By latest estimates from the WHO, there are about 300 million people living with depression worldwide. According to the World Health Organization [3] depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD), and the most prevalent disorder among serious psychiatric disorders in primary care setting. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. Penley, J.A., Wiebe, J.S., & Nwosu, A. (n.d.). Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. Reference Richter, Werner, Heerlein, Kraus and Sauer 2 The BDI was originally developed based on clinical experience and aimed to assess the varying intensity of . Ratings are summed to provide a total score ranging from 0 - 63. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. While the Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used inventories for measuring symptoms of depression, there are both pros and cons to this method of diagnosis. Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). [61], affective symptoms may shift from one dimension to another depending on background and composition of samples being studied. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3-18. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. It has been used in samples of combat veterans, women who have experienced intimate partner violence and sexual abuse, and in numerous treatment outcome studies for PTSD. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. This population consisted of 67 females and 53 males with a mean age of 19.58 (SD=1.84) and was predominately Caucasian. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). Estimates from the BDI.83, as well as the most parsimonious and interpretable Psychometrics '' applicable to article... To further examine beck depression inventory pros and cons capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed non-depressed! 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( 2005 ) diagnostic test, but it can help health care providers make a.... Fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [ 3 ] with the higher prevalence in low and middle-income [. & Vaccarino, V.R trained administrator to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between and!