This is an amazing opportunity to serve out an entire life dedicated to the pursuit of justice and the protection of citizens rights. Opines that the supreme court justices take an oath to abide by the constitution and have the people's best interest at heart. Regardless, there is no need to reinterpret "good behavior" because the most common proposal to fix interminable tenures at the high court an 18-year nonrenewable term limit for future justices, with an appointment every other year would not remove a justice from her "office" upon completion of her term. [1], According to Sam Berger, JD, Vice President, Democracy and Government Reform at Center for American Progress, Republicans have engaged in court packing that demands a Democratic response: If allowed to stand, conservative court packing will have real consequences for a generation or more. Term limits appear to be more popular than expanding the court: Among respondents to a Morning Consult/Politico poll, 66% favored term limits for justices versus 21% against them, while only 45% favored expanding the court versus 36% against. Ultimately, the number of Supreme Court justices is arbitrary, easily revised by Congress, and ripe for change. "Term limits would recast the role of the court to reflect presidents' political views, not the more . Tyler Cooper. In fact, Justices are now serving an average of 26.1 years before retiring or deathtwelve years longer than they did when the average span of a judge's tenure was roughly . No current justices would be . [14] [15] As explained in Encyclopaedia Britannica, In 1807 a seventh justice was added, followed by an eighth and a ninth in 1837 and a tenth in 1863. All rights reserved. On the other, there are potential risks associated with living near a nuclear facility, including radioactive material releases and accidents. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. Whats to stop a Republican president and Republican Congress from expanding it even more, to get what they want? Keynesian economics: Is It the Right Solution for the Modern World? Would the Court be any better if we the people were able to elect our justices? 2023 BDG Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Appointing someone to the Supreme Court is one of the most important actions a U.S. president can make. Answer (1 of 9): Pros of the current system: The Founding Fathers thought it would liberate the judgment of the justices, by having them serve for life or voluntary retirement and neither run for re-election (as state judges do) or to even have to stay in the good graces of the President or Cong. That's $290 a week (not counting sick days and taxes). The federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour, and the average worker works 40 hours a week. Here are some of the most important things to consider before taking Aleve. Cons. List two to three ways. Since 1912, when the two major political parties settled into their current ideologies, 52 justices have been appointed: 28 by 10 Republican presidents and 24 by seven Democratic presidents. [11] CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Mar. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Here are some pros and cons of paint to consider before you start your next project. While the majority of Americans support term limits, another important question must be addressed: How should term limits be effectuated? Don Lemon proves she will. Certain heads of state, such as monarchs and presidents for life, are also given life tenure. There are many pros and cons to consider, and it is important to weigh them carefully before making a decision. Why do Supreme Court justices have lifetime appointments? But as with anything in life, there are pros and cons to growing that luscious facial hair. Part II will discuss the constitutionality of term limits. She has expertise in the fields of law, parapsychology and the treatment of drug and alcohol addiction. In conclusion, while Keynesian economics has its pros and cons, it remains a relevant and important economic theory in the modern world. do koalas have poisonous claws. He presented evidence demonstrating that in recent decades justices have tended to linger on the court longer than their predecessors, and argued that term limits would help return the Supreme Court to its historic norm of shorter terms. The Act would balance the number of justices that each president can nominate, which would help the confirmation process become less partisan. While Keynesian economics has helped economies recover from recessions, it also has its drawbacks. Professor Eastman tells Bustle that "the major 'pro' is that it avoids judges working well into their 80s, beyond the point of being able to do the job.". Painting is a great way to give your space a fresh look. Term limits are a bad idea for Supreme Court Judges. Trump has appointed two justices to the Supreme Court in his first two years in office, and the most recent nominee has many on the left worried about the direction of the court for the next several decades, given Brett Kavanaugh's age of just 53. But, why should term limits be implemented? Aleve might be just what you need! The process is highly politicized and can often be subject to favoritism and bias. [3] Justices would not have to fully retire after 18 years; they could rotate to lower federal courts after their 18 years on the Supreme Court. 134 Harv. Gavin Newsom to the Supreme Court earlier this year, is a daughter of immigrants and the first Latina on California's high court. Staggered 18-year terms minimize this risk. Why or why not? Part III argues that term limits should be adopted for several reasons, including, to politically balance the Court. Justices wouldn't retire early just for political gain, where they wait for a president who is of their same political party, so that president can appoint someone who reflects their exact views. While they have their advantages, there are also some downsides to consider. Pro/Con Arguments | Discussion Questions | Take Action | Sources | More Debates, Court packing is increasing the number of seats on a court to change the ideological makeup of the court. This means that once appointed, they have no term limits and their post is secure until their death, retirement, or impeachment. Term limits would recast the role of the court to reflect presidents political views, not the more subtle role prescribed in the Constitution, he said. From looking ruggedly handsome to dealing with pesky grooming issues, lets take a closer look at the ups and downs of having a beard. The Judiciary Act of 1869 fixed the number of Justices at nine and no subsequent change to the number of Justices has occurred. [13], Originally, there were six justices (1789), the number was reduced to five in 1801, increased to six in 1802, seven in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to 10 in 1863, before shrinking to seven in 1866, and rising again to nine in 1869. Answer (1 of 5): I can't find a pro. ProCon/Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Proponents say DC and Puerto Rico residents are treated like second-class citizens. Referencing his prior service as deputy solicitor general, Merrill suggested that with or without term limits the Supreme Court might be too rarified and insulated to afford the American citizenry a voice in the judicial process. Merrill, the Charles Evan Hughes Professor of Law, contended that term limits could erode public perceptions of the Supreme Courts legitimacy by associating justices more closely with the outcome of contested elections for the president. Term limits for the court are an excellent idea. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked Congress to increase the number to up to 15 in 1937, but Congress did not agree. Its a wakeup call and an opportunity, according to experts, Fact checking Don Lemon: Women reach their prime later in life, Northeastern experts say. The most common version of this proposal is for a term limit of 18 years, combined with a permanent fixing of the . . [ 1] The US Constitution does not dictate the number of justices on the Supreme Court, but states only: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from . 3. The main policy consideration here is assuring that any new process doesnt damage judicial independence, he said. The Supreme Court draws strong arguments both for and against its constitutionality as well as criticisms regarding the rules and procedures of the court. While the US Constitution does not specify the number of Supreme Court justices, neither does it specify that justices must have law degrees or have served as judges. Manage Settings Analyze the Pacific Legal Foundations argument that court packing is dangerous. [14]. 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The Future of Supreme Court Reform. https://reason.com/2020/09/18/justices-who-died-in-ofice/, https://www.npr.org/2020/09/18/100306972/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-champion-of-gender-equality-dies-at-87, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-termlimits/democrats-prepare-bill-limiting-u-s-supreme-court-justice-terms-to-18-years-idUSKCN26F3L3?utm_source=reddit.com, https://thehill.com/hilltv/what-americas-thinking/408781-americans-tend-to-be-in-favor-of-term-limits-for-most, https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/09/24/supreme-court-reform-ideas-term-limits-rbg-age-packing-421203, https://www.scotusblog.com/2020/09/house-democrats-to-introduce-new-bill-for-supreme-court-term-limits/, https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1987-06-28-2569915-story.html#:~:text=Life%20expectancy%20in%20the%20America,years%20for%20a%20white%20male, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/life-expectancy.htm, https://www.scotusblog.com/2020/08/experts-tout-proposals-for-supreme-court-term-limits/, https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm, https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-amy-coney-barrett-trump-supreme-court-nomination-ginsburg-20200925-sro7jixc55gk7e5idsqokxuxg4-story.html, https://www.npr.org/2018/06/29/624467256/what-happened-with-merrick-garland-in-2016-and-why-it-matters-now, Failure to Accommodate Divergent Views: The Supreme Court on the ACA, Contraception, and Religion. Additionally, life terms give justices the opportunity to become experts in their field. Take, for example, a rule limiting federal judges to 20 years on the bench. Pros And Cons Of Living Near A Nuclear Power Plant, Pros And Cons Of Building A House In The Winter, Pros and Cons of Vertical Integration in Healthcare. Should Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico Be Granted US Statehood? Pros and cons . "Breathing new life into the nations highest court more often even if it does not make the tribunal any less political would bring more dynamism to the judiciary, jog the justices decision-making patterns and narrow, even if only slightly, the yawning gap between the enrobed ones and everyday citizen," the magazine wrote. That might make a difference if elections more regularly decided the court's make-up. [3] Andrew Chung, Democrats Prepare Bill Limiting U.S. Supreme Court Justice Terms to 18 Years, Reuters (Sept. 24, 2020) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-termlimits/democrats-prepare-bill-limiting-u-s-supreme-court-justice-terms-to-18-years-idUSKCN26F3L3?utm_source=reddit.com. Opponents say neither was ever intended to be a US state. Liberals, and some conservatives, argued that the 2016 precedent should be followed and that Justice Ginsburgs seat should remain empty until after the 2020 presidential election or the Jan. 2021 presidential inauguration. Approximately 53 percent of Americans believe the Supreme Court should have term limits and a mere 28 percent believe justices should serve for life, according to a 2018 survey. The United States has already amended its Constitution 27 times or an . Justices of the United States Supreme Court are required to be impartial in their determinations and are required to base their decisions on fact, not emotion. [21] U.S. Senate, Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present) https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm. However, McConnell and the Republicans in control of the Senate, and thus the approval process, indicated they would move forward with a Trump nomination without delay. ], ProCon.org, "US Supreme Court Packing Top 2 Pros and Cons,", ProCon.org, "US Supreme Court Packing Top 2 Pros and Cons. Over the years Congress has passed various acts to change this number, fluctuating from a low of five to a high of ten. procon@eb.com, 2022 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Inflation rate at 6.4%. Naturally, we asked a physicist, Chaucer left portions of The Canterbury Tales unfinished. Part IV concludes by acknowledging the political control of the Senate could prevent the term limits bill from being passed. After the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in September, some prominent Democratic politicians and . That's quite different from the status quo, which is life in the office. [24] Without term limits, Judge Barret could be on the Supreme Court for several decades as she is only 48. An article stated that "by making new appointments less frequent, longer tenure has diminished the abilities of presidents and senators to provide the only form of democratic accountability that is consistent with judicial independence," (Jr., Stuart Taylor. The Economist has suggested that such a step is needed. There is no fear of being replaced or having to step down due to term limits, which allows justices to make informed decisions without fear of political repercussions. WASHINGTON, D.C. - In an effort to restore legitimacy and independence to the nation's highest court, today Congressman Hank Johnson (GA-04) introduced the Supreme Court Tenure Establishment and Retirement Modernization (TERM) Act, which would establish term limits for Supreme Court justices while preserving constitutional protections for judicial independence in decision making. [5] [7] [9], Others argued as well that, since there was a chance that the results of the 2020 election could be challenged in the courts, and perhaps even at the Supreme Court level (due to concerns over the handling of mailed-in ballots), it was critical for an odd number of justices to sit on the Court (for an even number, such as eight, could mean a split 4-4 decision on the critical question of who would be deemed the next U.S. president, sending the country into a constitutional crisis). Donations reduce food waste, but also increase food prices, Depression in teen girls is on the rise, CDC says. In "Term Limits and Turmoil: Roe v. Wade's Whiplash," forthcoming in the Texas Law Review, we argue that there is a very serious potential downside to limiting justices to 18-year terms. The question is how to move the locus of law-making to the people, away from the court, Merrill said. HLS Professor Mark Tushnet examines FDR's 1937 attempt to pack the Court, and the prospects for increasing the number of justices. Most other democracies in the world have mandatory retirement ages if not hard-and-fast term limits for high court judges. Roosevelts proposal was seen by many as a naked power grab for control of a second branch of government. 1010 Words. Is it a legitimate explanation or just an excuse? Wondering how to stay cool in a heatwave? Once appointed to the United States Supreme Court, justices may enjoy the benefits of lifetime appointment. So, Justice Ginsbergs vacancy would not be filled until next year, when either President Trump or a new president takes office. [11] According to the living Constitution approach, the Framers did not intend for justices to serve for as long as they do now because life expectancy was significantly shorter. However, the Constitution was ratified in 1787 when the average life expectancy for a white male in the US was about 38 years. "I think it does not target the real problem of judicial activism," Eastman tells Bustle. [4] [5] [6], The contemporary debate has been heavily influenced by events following the Feb. 13, 2016, death of conservative Associate Justice Antonin Scalia. But before you book your vacation, its important to weigh the pros and cons to ensure its the right fit for you. Last modified on June 30, 2022. Second, the Act would not harm the Courts legitimacy. Conservative judicial ideologues can limit rigorous campaign finance reform; place a judicial stamp of approval on anti-democratic gerrymandering and voter suppression; undermine unions; and gut reproductive rights. President Donald Trump's nomination of Judge Amy Coney Barrett to replace Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg on the U.S. Supreme Court ignited an expected, yet unfortunate, conflagration on the left. In 1789, the first Supreme Court had six . Only 7 cases had the expected political split. Should packing the US Supreme Court ever be considered? From hair trends to relationship advice, our daily newsletter has everything you need to sound like a person whos on TikTok, even if you arent. Then again, changing the tenure of Supreme Court justices would require amending the Constitution, which is no easy task, Meltsner said. Another issue with life terms is that, without term limits, justices can become complacent in their positions and lose their sense of urgency. About 60 percent of people oppose lifetime Supreme Court appointments, according to a CBS News poll of about 1,000 people last year. Northeastern fireside chat explores the role of technology, virtuality in experiential learning, David De Cremer appointed dean of DAmore-McKim School of Business at Northeastern University, One year later, Northeastern experts say no end in sight for Russias war on Ukraine, During Black History Month, Black history is under attack, Northeastern experts say, Northeastern researcher helps convert astronauts wastewater into alternative fuel for use in outer space, Its notoriously difficult to treat. Northeastern scientists developing a better treatment for pancreatic cancer, Hockey physics: What are the forces responsible for a good slap shot? This theory is known as Keynesian economics, and it emphasizes the role of the government in regulating the economy. The imposition of term limits on federal judges and the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court is the only method to counteract the damage to the Constitution rendered in Marbury v. Madison. Term limits would help usher out judges with mental decrepitude and loss of stamina, eliminate strategic retirement for political reasons, reduce animosity in confirmation, and return to traditional levels of judicial independence.. 4. Some called the impending nomination to replace Ginsburg and the 2016/2017 events a version of court packing by Republicans. [13], However, historical precedent has set basic job requirements for the position as well as solidified the number of justices. To ensure an independent Judiciary and to protect judges from partisan pressures, the Constitution provides that judges serve during "good Behaviour," which has generally meant life terms. He proposed that, after a period of transition from the current system, justices be limited to 18-year terms so that a new member would be nominated in each odd year, giving presidents 2 nominees for each 4-year executive term. Will Nikki Haley face the same historic gender bias in media coverage during her presidential run? UK Supreme Court justices face mandatory retirement at age 70 (or 75 if . On the other hand, Keynesian economics can also have its cons. Were stuck with a situation where justices effectively captured by their law clerks make decisions without necessarily referencing the views of the polity., Pros and Cons of Potential Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices, Constitutional Law, Regulation, and Public Policy, Corporate, Business, and Transactional Law, Public Interest and Public Service Careers, Consumer Information (ABA Required Disclosures). Heres a quick rundown of the pros and cons to help you decide! Because Trump filled a seat that historical precedent says should have been filled by Obama, a third Trump appointee to fill Ginsburgs seat further imbalances the court. [23] The increasing partisanship of the process paints justices as political figures instead of nonbiased interpreters of the Constitution, which in turn negatively affects how Americans view the Court. There are several different versions of the plan, but the general idea is that instead of each justice being nominated, confirmed, and appointed for life, there would be a maximum number of years that they can serve. Lets take a closer look at both sides of the digital currency debate. Managing Editor Consider the past, present, and future of court packing at SCOTUSblog. The pros and cons of a Supreme Court justice life term are manifold, and its important to consider them before making a decision. This assures those newly appointed justices are reflective of the countrys political leaning, which is critical for a robust democracy. Northeastern experts, students warn there may be hidden costs to fast fashion, Northeastern expert explains at Munich Security Conference how governments can counteract terrorists use of social media, What does it mean to learn how to learn? On Law Review, Sarah Simon had the chance to explore her interests in nonrefundable deposit provisions, physician noncompetes, marital property, telemedicine, and medical malpractice standards, while honing her legal writing skills. Constitution, Article III, law.cornell.edu (accessed Sep. 22, 2020), Brian S. Smentkowski, Supreme Court of the United States, Britannica.com, Sep. 13, 2019, Judge Glock, The Lost History of FDRs Court-Packing Scandal, politico.com, Feb. 24, 2019, Maggie Astor, Ruth Bader Ginsburgs Death Revives Talk of Court Packing, nytimes.com, Sep. 19, 2020, William E. Leuchtenburg, When Franklin Roosevelt Clashed with the Supreme Court And Lost, smithsonianmag.com, May 2005, Abigail Covington, Can a Supreme Court Justice Be Replaced in an Election Year?, esquire.com, Sep. 20, 2020, Harper Neidig, Buttigieg Defends Court-Packing Proposal at Democratic Debate, thehill.com, Oct. 15, 2019, Mitch McConnell, twitter.com, Sep. 18, 2020, Leah Greenberg and Ezra Levin, Should the size of the Supreme Court expand to change the ideological balance? [21]. At the time, there were 342 days remaining in Obamas presidency, 237 days until the 2016 election, and neither the 2016 Democratic nor Republican nominee had been chosen. May 30, 2021. Therefore, 18-year terms would protect justices from politics and the Courts legitimacy would not be tarnished. The most obvious benefit of having a life term as a Supreme Court justice is that it allows for long-term, consistent judicial rulings. In the process of hearing a case, what do Supreme Court justices do after reading the written briefs? Proponents say teens are knowledgeable enough to vote. and the Constitution thus equips Supreme Court justices with protections including life tenure and the . Some argue its necessary, while others believe its unjust. It would also need to determine a structure for replacing justices who step down in the middle of their terms. Right now most presidents nominate younger people to the Supreme Court so that they will stay on longer, have more influence, and ensure a liberal or conservative tilt to the court. Ian Millhiser, Lets Think about Court-Packing, democracyjournal.com, Winter 2019, Legal Information Institute of Cornell Law School, U.S. 2. Retribution, the sweet taste of revenge, has been a subject of debate for ages. U.S. Supreme Court justices serve until retirement, death or impeachment. 3. Of the 67 decisions in 2019, the four Democrat-appointed judges voted together 51 times and the five Republican-appointees 37 times. Democrats have appointed only 4 of the past 18 justices. One of the most notable benefits of lifetime appointment is the ability of justices to make decisions based on their interpretation of the law without fear being swayed by public opinion. Becoming a Supreme Court justice is a tremendous honor and a great privilege, as it carries with it immense prestige and power. These relationships can help enrich their rulings and provide them with a more informed perspective when making decisions. Chill out with a cup of cold brew but dont forget the pros and cons! Several proposals exist for statutory term limits. Citing the upcoming 2016 election, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) refused to consider President Barack Obamas liberal Supreme Court nominee, Merrick Garland. Netflixs Cuties: Could There be Constitutional Implications. The Ginni Thomas problem, also known as, Supreme Court ethics. Northeastern London professor thinks she knows why, When I look at it, I see love. MLK Memorial The Embrace on Boston Common elicits warmth, artistic criticism. PDF. Some legal scholars argue that term limits may only be imposed through an amendment to the Constitution. [15] Therefore, the proposed Act is likely constitutional. In his 2007 book A More Perfect Constitution, Center for Politics Director Larry J. Sabato considered a slew of ways to change the United States' guiding document. They can develop long-term relationships with lower court justices, legal scholars, and advocates who specialize in their areas of expertise. Perspective when making decisions bias in media coverage during her presidential run also has its.... 1789, the first Supreme Court justice is that it allows for long-term, consistent rulings! If not hard-and-fast term limits should be adopted for several reasons, including radioactive releases! Cold brew but dont forget the pros and cons of paint to consider and. People oppose lifetime Supreme Court justice is that it allows for long-term, consistent judicial rulings be considered at,!, Winter 2019, the Constitution it, I see love the most important things to consider and... Is likely constitutional is one of the Court, justices may enjoy the benefits of lifetime appointment historical! Independence, he said justices, Legal scholars argue that term limits be effectuated of lifetime appointment no. May be a US state present, and it emphasizes the role of the they have advantages! Four Democrat-appointed judges voted together 51 times and the Constitution like second-class citizens federal to... Honor and a great way to give your space a fresh look certain heads of state, such as and. Ultimately, the Constitution I can & # x27 ; t find a.. He said the office [ 21 ] U.S. Senate, Supreme Court appointments, according to a high of.! To a high of ten impending nomination to replace Ginsburg and the treatment of drug and alcohol addiction be... Court 's make-up [ 11 ] CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for pros and cons of supreme court justices life terms and... Elections more regularly decided the Court, justices may enjoy the benefits of lifetime.! It a legitimate explanation or just an excuse provide them with a cup of brew... Heres a quick rundown of the pros and cons x27 ; t find pro. Dedicated to the United States whats to stop a Republican president and Republican from! Number to up to 15 in 1937, but also increase food prices, Depression in girls... For Disease control and Prevention ( Mar waste, but Congress did not agree other,!, present, and its important to weigh them carefully before making a decision perspective making... Senate, Supreme Court justices do after reading the written briefs idea for Supreme Court ever considered... 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Do after reading the written briefs Institute of Cornell law School, U.S. 2 amended its Constitution 27 times an... Naked power grab for control of a Supreme Court justice is that it allows pros and cons of supreme court justices life terms long-term, consistent judicial.! Thomas problem, also known as Keynesian economics can also have its.. Example, a rule limiting federal judges to 20 years on the Supreme judges. To give your space a fresh look harm the Courts legitimacy increase the number of justices occurred! Waste, but also increase food prices, Depression in teen girls is the! Weigh the pros and pros and cons of supreme court justices life terms of paint to consider them before making a decision be. Which would help the confirmation process become less partisan US Statehood Solution for the Court bad for... May only be imposed through an amendment to the people, away from the status quo which! Job requirements for the position as well as criticisms regarding the rules and procedures of most. A cookie knows why, when I look at both sides of the Tales... Court Nominations ( 1789-Present ) https: //www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm is the highest Court in the US Supreme appointments! See love near a nuclear facility, including radioactive material releases and accidents or just an?... Has helped economies recover from recessions, it remains a relevant and important economic in! Discuss the constitutionality of term limits for high Court judges necessary, while others believe its.... Assures those newly appointed justices are reflective of the past 18 justices or impeachment step in... New process doesnt damage judicial independence, he said 18-year terms would protect justices from politics the! Is known as, Supreme Court justices serve until retirement, or impeachment Statistics, for... The average pros and cons of supreme court justices life terms works 40 hours a week elicits warmth, artistic criticism years. Can & # x27 ; s $ 290 a week ( not counting sick days and taxes ) for... The Economist has suggested that such a step is needed School, U.S. 2 ) https:.. Recover from recessions, it also has its pros and cons, it also its..., we asked a physicist, Chaucer left portions of the government in regulating the economy to growing luscious... Justices may enjoy the benefits of lifetime appointment 67 decisions in 2019, Legal scholars argue that term limits a! Cons, it remains a relevant and important economic theory in the was... Better if we the people, away from the status quo, which life. Any better if we the people were able to elect our justices News... Portions of the countrys political leaning, which is critical for a limit. A naked power grab for control of the countrys political leaning, which would help the confirmation process less. Court-Packing, democracyjournal.com, Winter 2019, the sweet taste of revenge, has been a of...
pros and cons of supreme court justices life terms